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STRUCTURE
SKILL 9: ADJECTIVE CLAUSE CONNECTORS
In the first
example, there are two clauses: this
is the subject of the verb is, and I is the subject of the verb want. That is the adjective clause conector that joins these two clauses,
and the adjective clause that I want to
buy describes the noun house.
In the second example, there are
also two clauses: house is the
subject of the verb is, and I is the subject of the verb want. In this sentence also, that is the adjective clause connector
that joins these two clauses, and the adjective clause that I want to buy describes the noun house.
The following example shows how
these sentence patterns could be tested in the Structure section of the TOEFL
test.
In this example,
you should notice quickly that there are two clauses: job is the subject of the verb was,
and the verb started needs a subject.
Because there are two clauses, a connector is also needed. Answers (a) and (c)
have connectors, but there are no subject, so these answers are not correct.
Answer (b) changes started into a
passive verb; in this case the sentence would have one subject and two verbs,
so answer (b) is not correct. The best answer to this question is answer (d).
the correct sentence should say: the job
that he started yesterday was rather difficult. In this sentence job is the subject of the verb was, he
is the subject of the verb started,
and the connector that joins these
two clauses.
The following chart lists the adjective clause
connectors and the sentence patterns used with them.
EXERCISE : each
of the following sentences contains more than one clause.Then indicate if the
sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I)
1.
I
did not believe the story that he told me. C
2.
Ms.
Brown, whom did you recommend for the job, will start work tomorrow. I
3.
The
lecture notes which lent me were not clearly written. I
4.
Sally
has an appointment with the hairdresser whom you recommended. I
5.
The
phone number that you gave me. C
6.
She
is able to solve all the problems which did she cause. I
7.
The
day that she spent on the beach left her sunburned. C
8.
Next
week I am going to visit my cousins, whom have not seen in several years. I
9.
Did
you forget the promise whom you made ? I
1. The teacher whom the students like the most is their
history techer. C
WRITTEN EXPRESSION
SKILL 21: SUBJECT AND OBJECT PRONOUNS
Pronouns are words such as he, she, or it that take
the place of nouns. One common problem with pronouns on the TOEFL test is that
subject and object pronouns are confused, so you should be able to recognize
these two types of pronouns.
A subject
pronoun is used as the subject of a verb. An object pronoun can be used as the
object of a verb or the object of a preposition. Compare the following two
sentences.
In the second
sentence, the subject pronoun she is
replacing the noun Marie. The object of the verb it is replacing the noun phrase the
film, and the object of the preposition him
is replacing the noun barry.
The following are examples of the
types of subject or object pronoun errors than you might see on the TOEFL test.
Me*
and my friend are taking a trip.
Our
neighbors are going with you and I*.
In the first
example, the object pronoun me is
incorrect because this pronoun serves as the subject of the sentence. The
object pronoun me should be changed
to the subject pronoun I. it can be
difficult to recognize that me is the
subject because the verb are has a double subject, me and my friend. In the
second example, the subject pronoun I
is incorrect because this pronoun serves as the object of the preposition with. The subject pronoun I should be changed to the object
pronoun me. It can be difficult to
recognize that I is the object of the
preposition with because the
preposition with has two object: the
correct object you and the incorrect
object I.
EXERCISE: each
of the following sentences contains at least one subject or object pronoun.
then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I).
1.
You
should do it for her. C
2.
They
helped she with the work. I
3.
Her
and Bob came over to visit me. I
4.
She
lent it to you and i. I
5.
She
spent all the money on them. C
SOURCE :
Phillips, Deborah.
LONGMAN (Introductory Course For The TOEFL Test) : Pearson Education
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